Summarize Key Words:

Tremors: 

Tremors refer to involuntary, rhythmic shaking or trembling movements that commonly occur in individuals with Parkinson's disease. These tremors often start in the hands or fingers and can also affect other parts of the body, such as the arms, legs, jaw, or voice. Tremors typically worsen during periods of rest or stress and may decrease or stop with purposeful movement.

Rigidity: 

Rigidity is a term used to describe stiffness and resistance to movement in the muscles of individuals with Parkinson's disease. It is caused by increased muscle tone and can make movements feel tight or rigid. Rigidity can affect various muscle groups and may contribute to difficulties with mobility, posture, and flexibility.

Bradykinesia: 

Bradykinesia refers to slowness of movement and is a characteristic symptom of Parkinson's disease. It involves a general slowing down of voluntary movements, making tasks that require fine motor skills and coordination more challenging. Bradykinesia can affect activities such as walking, writing, or buttoning clothes. It may also result in reduced facial expressions and decreased overall body movement.

Postural instability: 

Impaired balance and postural changes might increase the risk of falling.

Parkinson's disease does not impact everyone in the same manner. Individuals differ in terms of the rate of advancement and the specific symptoms. PD symptoms usually appear on one side of the body. However, the disease eventually affects both sides, however symptoms on one side are generally less severe than on the other.

Neurodegenerative: 

A type of disease in which cells of the central nervous system stop working or die. Neurodegenerative disorders usually get worse over time and have no cure. They may be genetic or be caused by a tumor or stroke.

Alpha-synuclein: 

A highly soluble unfolded protein that accumulates in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies. 

Neurites :

Neurites are projections from the neuronal cell body that develop into axons and dendrites to form complex neuronal circuits. 

Synucleinopathies: 

A group of neurodegenerative disorders in which the protein alpha-synuclein accumulates abnormally to form inclusions in the cell bodies or axons of neurons or oligodendrocytes.

Levodopa :

Levodopa is the precursor to dopamine. Most commonly, clinicians use levodopa as a dopamine replacement agent for the treatment of Parkinson disease. It is most effectively used to control bradykinetic symptoms apparent in Parkinson disease.

SNCA:

The SNCA gene provides instructions for making a small protein called alpha-synuclein.

 LRRK2:

(Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with LRRK2 include Parkinson Disease 8, Autosomal Dominant and Hereditary Late-Onset Parkinson Disease.

PARK2: 

Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. A rare recessive form of the disease may be caused by a mutation in the PARK2 gene, whose product, Parkin, controls mitophagy and programmed cell death.

COMT inhibitors: 

can help when levodopa is not working for long enough and starts to wear off between doses. They can help to reduce your 'off' time, when you have more trouble with your Parkinson's symptoms, and increase the amount of 'on' time, when your symptoms are more controlled.

Anticholinergics: 

are medications that block the action of acetylcholine, a type of neurotransmitter. As a result, they stop involuntary muscle movements and various bodily functions.

MAO-B inhibitors: 

The enzyme monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) in the body breaks down many substances in the brain, including dopamine. An MAO-B inhibitor increases the amount of dopamine available to the brain. This can help with many PD movement problems.